How are they formed
Caves can form in a variety of ways, but most caves are dissolutional and are initially formed by chemical weathering of surface rock, usually limestone, by carbonic acid contained in rainwater. As chemical weathering continues, mechanical weathering joins in the fun to further attack and widen joints and fissures in what is usually soluble sedimentary rock. Some other types of caves are formed by percolating sulfuric acid, flowing lava, flowing water in glaciers, wave action, and particle abrasion.
Rock Armour
It is used to protect the cliff. By the water not being able to go through 
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